time
TIME(1) TIME(1)NAME
time - time a simple command or give resource usageSYNOPSIS
time [options] command [arguments...]DESCRIPTION
The time command runs the specified program command with the given arguments. When command finishes, time writes a message to standard output giving timing statistics about this program run. These statistics consist of (i) the elapsed real time between invocation and termination, (ii) the user CPU time (the sum of the tms_utime and tms_cutime values in a struct tms as returned by times(2)), and (iii) the system CPU time (the sum of the tms_stime and tms_cstime values in a struct tms as returned by times(2)). OPTION -p When in the POSIX locale, use the precise tradi tional format "real %f\nuser %f\nsys %f\n" (with numbers in seconds) where the number of deci mals in the output for %f is unspecified but is sufficient to express the clock tick accuracy, and at least one. ENVIRONMENT The variables LANG, LC_ALL, LC_CTYPE, LC_MESSAGES, LC_NUMERIC, NLSPATH and PATH are used. The last one to search for command. The remaining ones for the text and formatting of the output. EXIT STATUS If command was invoked, the exit status is that of com mand. Otherwise it is 127 if command could not be found, 126 if it could be found but could not be invoked, and some other nonzero value (1-125) if something else went wrong.SEE ALSO
times(2), GNU VERSION Below a description of the GNU 1.7 version of time. Dis regarding the name of the utility, GNU makes it output lots of useful information, not only about time used, but also on other resources like memory, I/O and IPC calls (where available). The output is formatted using a format string that can be specified using the -f option or the TIME environment variable. The default format string is %Uuser %Ssystem %Eelapsed %PCPU (%Xtext+%Ddata %Mmax)k %Iinputs+%Ooutputs (%Fmajor+%Rminor)pagefaults %Wswaps When the -p option is given the (portable) output format real %e user %U sys %S is used. The format string The format is interpreted in the usual printf-like way. Ordinary characters are directly copied, tab, newline and backslash are escaped using \t, \n and \\, a percent sign is represented by %%, and otherwise % indicates a conver sion. The program time will always add a trailing newline itself. The conversions follow. All of those used by tcsh(1) are supported. Time %E Elapsed real time (in [hours:]minutes:seconds). %e (Not in tcsh.) Elapsed real time (in seconds). %S Total number of CPU-seconds that the process spent in kernel mode. %U Total number of CPU-seconds that the process spent in user mode. %P Percentage of the CPU that this job got, computed as (%U + %S) / %E. Memory %M Maximum resident set size of the process during its lifetime, in Kbytes. %t (Not in tcsh.) Average resident set size of the process, in Kbytes. %K Average total (data+stack+text) memory use of the process, in Kbytes. %D Average size of the process's unshared data area, in Kbytes. %p (Not in tcsh.) Average size of the process's unshared stack space, in Kbytes. %X Average size of the process's shared text space, in Kbytes. %Z (Not in tcsh.) System's page size, in bytes. This is a per-system constant, but varies between sys tems. %F Number of major page faults that occurred while the process was running. These are faults where the page has to be read in from disk. %R Number of minor, or recoverable, page faults. These are faults for pages that are not valid but which have not yet been claimed by other virtual pages. Thus the data in the page is still valid but the system tables must be updated. %W Number of times the process was swapped out of main memory. %c Number of times the process was context-switched involuntarily (because the time slice expired). %w Number of waits: times that the program was con text-switched voluntarily, for instance while wait ing for an I/O operation to complete. I/O %I Number of file system inputs by the process. %O Number of file system outputs by the process. %r Number of socket messages received by the process. %s Number of socket messages sent by the process. %k Number of signals delivered to the process. %C (Not in tcsh.) Name and command line arguments of the command being timed. %x (Not in tcsh.) Exit status of the command. GNU OPTIONS -f FORMAT, --format=FORMAT Specify output format, possibly overriding the for mat specified in the environment variable TIME. -p, --portability Use the portable output format. -o FILE, --output=FILE Do not send the results to stderr, but overwrite the specified file. -a, --append (Used together with -o.) Do not overwrite but append. -v, --verbose Give very verbose output about all the program knows about. GNU STANDARD OPTIONS --help Print a usage message on standard output and exit successfully. -V, --version Print version information on standard output, then exit successfully. -- Terminate option list. BUGS Not all resources are measured by all versions of Unix, so some of the values might be reported as zero. The present selection was mostly inspired by the data provided by 4.2 or 4.3BSD. GNU time version 1.7 is not yet localized. Thus, it does not implement the POSIX requirements. The environment variable TIME was badly chosen. It is not unusual for systems like autoconf or make to use environ ment variables with the name of a utility to override the utility to be used. Uses like MORE or TIME for options to programs (instead of program path names) tend to lead to difficulties. It seems unfortunate that -o overwrites instead of appends. (That is, the -a option should be the default.) Mail suggestions and bug reports for GNU time to bug-utils@prep.ai.mit.edu Please include the version of time , which you can get by running time --version and the operating system and C compiler you used.SEE ALSO
tcsh(1), times(2), wait3(2)AUTHORS
David Keppel Original version David MacKenzie POSIXization, autoconfiscation, GNU getopti zation, documentation, other bug fixes and improvements. Arne Henrik Juul Helped with portability Francois Pinard Helped with portability 2000-12-11 TIME(1)